Koç Holding A.Ş. is a Turkish multinational industrial conglomerate headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey. It operates as the country's largest company, and the only to be listed on the Fortune Global 500 as of 2024. Koç Holding's contributions make up to 7% of Turkey's overall exports. The company is controlled by the Koç family, one of Turkey's wealthiest families. Founded in 1926 by Vehbi Koç, it is regarded as one of the pioneering actors in the industrialization of Turkey. Subsidiaries owned by Koç Holding engage in a variety of sectors, including banking, energy, automotive, household appliances, and defence. About two-thirds of the conglomerate's revenues come from hydrocarbons, including through enjoying a quasi-monopoly position over Big Oil refinery businesses, hampering ecological transition initiatives in the country. Despite being one of the wealthiest families in Turkey, persistent tech transfers to the conglomerate — ranging from consumer electronics to arms industries — resulted in wealth concentration. Wikipedia